Writing Objectives

How to Write Objectives
Needs, Prioritize Needs
Goals (5 steps to refine) -- very broad, main point to everything
Objectives (Task Analysis) -- more specific, supports the main goal

-Task Analysis models

• General Procedural model
• Job task model
• Hierarchical model
• IPA model
• Task knowledge structures model

Procedural Analysis Model
Enter with task -> is task sequence of activities? -> are tasks overt? -> write task objective -> select task performance / select elicitation methods -> outline performance --> review outline -> flowchart performance -> review flowchart with experts ->field test flowchart <-> flowchart acceptable? -> design instructional sequences

Job Task Analysis Model
Used when multiple groups of people need their separate tasks/responsibilities to merge and work with the other groups' tasks/responsibilities
Job -> Task 1
-----> Task 2
-----> Task 3 -> Step 1
----------------> Step 2
----------------> Step 3
(etc.)

Learning Hierarchy (Prerequisites) Analysis Model
Describes the learning dependence relationship among a set of intellectual skills
Identify the highest level (most complex) learning outcome that is sought and then develop a list of prerequisite skills in order to achieve the desired outcome

Merrill's Information Process Analysis (IPA) Model
Used to reveal the cognitive operations and decisions necessary to accomplish a task
Enter with problem -> Define the problem -> List possible solutions -> Generate possible consequences for each solution -> Select most promising solutions -> Test solution -> Did solution solve problem? -> (No) Another viable solution? (go back to selecting a promising solution) -> (Yes) Problem Solved

TKSs Analysis
Go from domain knowledge to design

Goal
-> Knowledge 1
--> Knowledge 1.1
---> Knowledge 1.1.2
--> Knowledge 1.2
-> Knowledge 2
-> Knowledge 3
(etc.)


Reigluth Presentation Notes:
Elaboration Theory
zoom lens analogy
start with wide angle lens (overview of most basic concepts), then zoom in (elaborate on one specific part, complexity, details), then end with wide angle again (review, relationships, summary)