Merrill/Reigeluth

Merrill
A micro level strategy
The problem with the macro level strategies is that they don't help you think through how to present instruction. They assume that you know how to present and plan.

What are micro level strategies?
1) Type of content
-Facts
-Concepts
-Procedures
-Principles

*facts are specific instances of the more general concepts
*procedures are the steps that tell what to do
*principles are the more general concepts that relate more than one concept

2) Performance
-Remember
----Human memory: associative, episodic, image, algorithmic
-Use/Apply
-Find/Discover

•Based on the outcomes expected, we must determine what the conditions for learning must be
•Gagne's 5 types of learning outcomes: motor skills, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitude, verbal information
•OR Bloom's Taxonomy can outline various desired levels of learning and connects the levels of learning to specific strategies
•Bloom is forward design, Gagne is backward design
•Gagne's weakness is that he focused only on performance, but when content is changed, performance is affected.
•Merrill says we must focus on performance and content.

Primary Presentation
Generality (the framework)
-Tell, explain, expository: Rules, definitions
-Question, inquiry: Practice to understand rules and definitions

Instance/Specificity (the details)
-Tell, explain, expository: Examples
-Question, inquiry: Practice to understand individual examples relating to rules and definitions

Secondary Presentation
Elaborate on the primary presentation
-alternative representation
-contextual elaboration

Generality
-Tell, explain, expository: with instance (ie. background info.)
-Question, inquiry: Specific examples of Sonnet

Instance/Specificity (the details)
-Tell, explain, expository: summarize, categorize
-Question, inquiry: summarize, categorize


Reigeluth
A macro level strategy
Deals with only organizational strategies, not with delivery (ie. media selection) & management (ie. resource allocation)

Organizational Strategies:
Macro - concerned with the selection, sequence, structure of the subject matter topics
Micro - concerned with the details of each individual presentation to the student

epitome - Reigeluth thought that it was important in teaching any concept to make an analogy to help learners understand - start simple, general, and concrete - very concrete - what are the main, most important parts of the unit you are going to teach them? - This is more for teacher planning, not what you are actually going to say to the kids
elaboration - then work toward more complex, specific, and abstract

Macro Level Sequence: the 4 S's
*Selection
*S
*Summary
*Synthesis

My Group: Reigeluth - powerpoint with a concrete example - present week after next
Katie
Shannon
Camille
Scott
Randy
Lisa
Kevin